Media Farmasi Indonesia

Organoleptic And Stability Tests On Herbal Drink Formulations Made From Lemongrass, Ginger, Karamunting Fruit And Stingless Bee Honey

2026-10-16T06:03:13+00:00

Herbal drinks are a practical way to utilize medicinal plants and local resources. This study aims to evaluate the organoleptic properties and stability of herbal drink formulations made from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), karamunting fruit (Melastoma malabathricum), and kelulut honey (Trigona sp.). The three formulations were prepared with different concentrations (F1, F2, and F3). Organoleptic testing was conducted with 25 untrained panelists using a 7-point hedonic scale. The stability testing of herbal drinks was carried out for seven days at room temperature (±30–31°C) and cooled (±4°C), by observing visually including aroma and sedimentation. The results showed that F3 (with the highest honey content) achieved the highest acceptance by panelists, especially in taste. At cold temperatures, it can maintain product freshness and prevent sedimentation better than storage at room temperature, there was damage occurring on the second day and beyond. In conclusion, F3 showed the best combination for panelists and stability, which concluded that this herbal drink has potential as a functional herbal drink based on these ingredients.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test of Liquid Hand Soap from Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Kombucha Against Escherichia coli Bacteria

2026-10-16T06:03:12+00:00

The pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) had exhibited antibacterial activity due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids, phenols, saponins, bromelain enzymes, and tannins. When processed into kombucha fermentation, pineapple had produced organic acids that had enhanced its antibacterial potential, which was then formulated into liquid hand soap aimed at preventing diarrhea. This study had been conducted to evaluate the effect of varying concentrations of pineapple kombucha on the physical characteristics, physical stability of the liquid soap, and its antibacterial effectiveness against Escherichia coli using the well diffusion method. The liquid soap had been formulated with different concentrations of pineapple kombucha (F0 = 0%, F1 = 20%, F2 = 30%, F3 = 40%). The results had shown that all formulas had possessed characteristics such as yellow to orange coloration, thick liquid consistency, and a distinctive pineapple aroma with a slightly acidic note. All formulations had met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirements, with pH values ranging from 7.50 to 7.56, foam height between 87.33–109.33 mm, viscosity of 1398.33–3144 cPs, specific gravity ranging from 1.053 to 1.091 g/mL, and water content between 32.73%–25.32%. They had also shown stable foam height and water content. An increase in pineapple kombucha concentration had corresponded with a larger inhibition zone. Formula 3 had exhibited the highest inhibition zone of 16.75 ± 0.204 mm, categorized as strong. Liquid hand soap containing pineapple kombucha had shown potential effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli.

Study Of Antidiabetic Use In Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Hypertension Comorbidity At Gunungpati Public Health Center, Semarang

2026-10-16T06:03:10+00:00

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic condition resulting from damage to the pancreas, which impairs its ability to produce adequate insulin for the body's needs. This leads to glucose buildup in the blood, manifesting clinically as increased appetite (polyphagia), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and frequent urination (polyuria).. The prevalence of diabetes based on doctor's diagnosis has increased when compared to the results of the 2018 Riskesdas, namely 1.5% in 2018 and 1.7% in 2023 in all age groups, as well as 2.0% in 2018 and 2.2% in 2023 in the ≥15 age group. Diabetes mellitus is often found with various comorbidities, one of which is hypertension. Patients diabetes mellitus with comorbid hypertensive requiring continuous glucose monitoring is very important and medication adherence can maximize the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. A retrospective review in the form of medical record data for the period January – April 2025 at the Gunungpati Health Center based on inclusion and exclusion criteria for 27 patients. Analysis of the data used for the paired t-test. The results of this study showed a difference in blood sugar levels at the beginning of the examination with an average of 186.48mg/dL and after receiving therapy with an average of 167.11mg/dL. With the results of the statistical test analysis, p value = 0.008 (p=<0.05) means that the use of oral antidiabetic therapy is effective in lowering blood sugar levels

Pharmacological Evaluation Of Sechium Edule Extract On Hyperuricemia: Biochemical Analysis In Potassium Oxonate-Induced Mice

2026-10-16T06:03:09+00:00

Abstract

Hyperuricemia, a condition of high blood uric acid, is a trigger for gout and kidney disorders. Conventional treatments such as allopurinol carry the risk of serious side effects. This study evaluates the potential of ethanol extract of chayote fruit (Sechium edule Sw.) EESE) as a therapeutic alternative. The study used male mice induced with potassium oxonate to induce hyperuricemia. The test animals were divided into normal, negative, positive (allopurinol), and two groups receiving EESE doses of 200 and 400 mg/kgBW. The results showed that EESE administration, especially at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW, significantly reduced serum uric acid levels. Its effectiveness was equivalent to that of allopurinol. Biochemical analysis revealed that this extract inhibited xanthine oxidase enzyme activity in the liver by up to 47.3%. Flavonoids such as apigenin are thought to be responsible for this inhibitory mechanism. In addition, kidney tissue examination noted improvement in damaged tubule structure in the treatment group. It can be concluded that ethanol extract of chayote fruit has strong antihyperuricemic activity. It works through a dual mechanism: suppressing uric acid production and protecting the kidneys from damage. These findings open up opportunities for the development of chayote as a safe and efficient herbal medicine for the management of gout.

The Effect of Education on Compliance, Clinical Outcomes, and Quality of Life of Prolanis Patients with Type 2 DM

2026-10-16T06:03:07+00:00

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that requires long-term management, including glycemic control, adherence to antidiabetic medication, and quality of life. Education plays an important role in empowering patients to understand and manage their disease independently. This study aims to determine the effect of providing education on the level of adherence, clinical outcomes (fasting blood sugar, FBP), and quality of life of Prolanis patients with Type 2 DM at the Pratama Clinic in Semarang City. The method in this study used a quasi-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest on 70 Prolanis DM Type 2 patients. The intervention was in the form of structured education for 3 months through leaflets and booklets. The instruments used included the MARS-5 questionnaire to measure adherence, FBP as a clinical outcome, and SF-36 to measure quality of life. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test to compare pre- and post-test results and the Spearman test to assess the relationship between changes in scores. The results of this study showed a significant increase in adherence (p = 0.000), a decrease in FBG levels (p = 0.000), and an increase in scores in all domains of quality of life (p < 0.05). However, the Spearman correlation test showed that changes in adherence, FBG, and quality of life scores were not significantly related (p > 0.05). Education has been shown to be effective in increasing adherence, reducing FBG, and improving quality of life in patients with Type 2 DM. However, no direct relationship was found between these three variables. Further studies with a collaborative, cross-professional approach are recommended to achieve more optimal glycemic control.

Antibacterial Activity of Beyond Use Date 0.3% Ofloxacin Eye Drops against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2026-10-16T06:03:06+00:00

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium and a major cause of healthcare-associated ocular infections. The beyond-use date (BUD) of ophthalmic preparations is intended to ensure drug safety and efficacy. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the BUD of 0.3% ofloxacin eye drops on the growth of P. aeruginosa. This in vitro experimental study used a post-test only control group design. Samples were obtained by purposive sampling using P. aeruginosa colonies, with five samples in each time group. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring inhibition zone diameters and analyzed using the Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon test. The mean inhibition zone diameters at day 0, day 7, day 14, day 21, and day 28 were 37.4 mm, 34.2 mm, 31.6 mm, 30.0 mm, and 29.4 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were observed among the BUD groups from day 0 to day 28 (p < 0.05); however, no significant difference was found between day 21 and day 28 (p > 0.05). The findings indicate that extended storage time may compromise the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, thereby contributing to a measurable decline in antibacterial efficacy.

Analgesic And Antipyretic Activity Test Of Dill Leaf Ethanol Extract (Anethum Graveolens)

2026-10-16T06:03:04+00:00

Fever is a common health condition, usually caused by infection, characterized by an increase in body temperature (>37.5 °C) and often accompanied by pain. Dill leaves are known as medicinal plants with potential analgesic and antipyretic effects. Previous research by Dahiiya et al. (2012) revealed that flavonoids in dill leaves can inhibit cyclooxygenase, thereby reducing prostaglandin production from arachidonic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and antipyretic activity of ethanol extract of dill leaves in mice. Five groups of test animals were used, induced with 1% acetic acid to produce pain and 4% peptone to induce fever. After 30 minutes, the positive control group was given paracetamol, the negative control group received CMC Na, while the test groups treated with dill leaf extract at doses of 400, 500, and 600 mg/KgBW. Observations included activity assessment and body temperature reduction, with using one-way ANOVA. Findings indicated a significant difference in the analgesic test (p = 0.00; p < 0.05), while the antipyretic test showed no significant difference (p = 0.575; p > 0.05). Further Tukey testing confirmed that the positive control group did not differ the 600 mg/KgBW group. That dose is effective as an analgesic to paracetamol.

Narrative Review Of The Relationship Between Warfarin Drug Interaction In Atrial Fibrillation Patients And Therapy Outcomes

2026-10-16T06:03:03+00:00

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia requiring long-term anticoagulant therapy, such as warfarin, to prevent thromboembolic events. However, warfarin's narrow therapeutic index and high susceptibility to drug interactions pose significant challenges to maintaining International Normalized Ratio (INR) stability. This narrative review evaluates the impact of warfarin drug interactions on clinical outcomes in AF patients by analyzing ten studies published between 2020 and 2025. Literature searches were conducted via PubMed using a five-year publication filter. The findings indicate that interactions with antibiotics (sulfonamides, quinolones), antifungals (fluconazole), and CYP2C9-modulating agents (NSAIDs, anticonvulsants) significantly increase the risk of over-anticoagulation, leading to INR spikes above 10 and a higher incidence of major bleeding. Furthermore, concurrent use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients was associated with increased hepatotoxicity risks. This review concludes that intensive INR monitoring, interaction-based dosage adjustments, and the consideration of Non-vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) as alternatives are essential strategies to enhance therapeutic safety. Proactive management of drug interactions is crucial to minimizing fatal complications in AF patients receiving warfarin.

Dewandaru Leaf Extract (Eugenia uniflora L.) as a Natural Antioxidant Serum.

2026-10-16T06:03:01+00:00

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress, damage skin architecture and collagen synthesis, and accelerate premature aging. Due to limited endogenous antioxidant defenses, external natural antioxidants such as dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) leaf extract are needed, yet their use remains limited. This study develops and evaluates an antioxidant serum formulated from dewandaru leaf extract as an innovative anti-aging skincare solution that promotes local biodiversity. The research methodology involves a laboratory experiment that includes extracting dewandaru leaves with 96% ethanol and preparing serum formulations at two concentrations: F1 (5%) and F2 (7.5%). Physical tests (organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, viscosity, adhesion) showed that both formulations met SNI standards. Antioxidant activity using the DPPH method showed IC₅₀ values of 94.13 ppm for F1 (strong) and 48.20 ppm for F2 (very strong). Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference (P < 0.005) between formulations. In conclusion, dewandaru leaf extract was successfully formulated into a serum with antioxidant activity, with F2 (7.5%) demonstrating the highest efficacy, classified as very strong, and potential as an agent to prevent premature skin aging.

Keywords: Dewandaru leaf extract, Antioxidant, Serum, Skin Aging, DPPH.

Effect of Xanthan Gum Concentration Variations on the Physical Properties of Breadfruit Leaf (Artocarpus altilis) Extract Serum

2026-10-16T06:03:00+00:00

Breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis) contain flavonoid compounds with high antioxidant activity capable of neutralizing free radicals and preventing premature aging. In this study, breadfruit leaf extract was formulated into a serum using xanthan gum as a gelling agent. Serum was chosen for its ability to contain high concentrations of active ingredients and its rapid absorption into the skin. Xanthan gum exhibits excellent stability across a wide range of pH and temperature, and it is easily combined with other pharmaceutical ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various xanthan gum concentrations on the physical quality of breadfruit leaf extract serum. This experimental study compared three formulas with varying xanthan gum concentrations: Formula I (0.5%), Formula II (1%), and Formula III (2%), while the concentration of breadfruit leaf extract remained constant at 0.75% for each formula. Physical quality evaluations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion tests. Based on the organoleptic test, all three serum formulas showed similar results: a dark green color with a strawberry aroma and a consistency ranging from liquid to thick. For the pH test, all three formulas met the required standards; however, Formula I showed less than optimal results in terms of homogeneity. In the viscosity and spreadability tests, only Formula II met the requirements, while Formula III only fulfilled the spreadability test standards. Statistical analysis indicated that variations in xanthan gum concentration significantly affected all physical quality parameters of the breadfruit leaf extract serum. An increase in xanthan gum concentration led to higher pH, viscosity, and adhesion values, but resulted in a decrease in the spreadability of the breadfruit leaf extract serum.