Media Farmasi Indonesia

Analysis of the Quality of Antibiotic Use in Pediatric Inpatients with Bronchopneumonia

intan sari — 2026-04-02

Bronchopneumonia is lobular pneumonia characterized by the presence of infected areas with spots approximately 3-4 cm in diameter surrounding and involving the bronchi. The improper selection of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance and high treatment costs due to prolonged hospital stays. The aim of the study is to determine the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions using the Geyssens method. Data collection was conducted retrospectively based on the medical records of inpatients at RS Roemani Muhammadiyah Semarang for the period of April – June 2024. The qualitative analysis of empirical antibiotic prescriptions was evaluated using the Gyssens method. The number of pediatric inpatients with bronchopneumonia who met the inclusion criteria was 109 patients. There were 65 male patients (59.63%) and 44 female patients (40.36%), with the most common age being 2 years old (22%), and the average length of stay was four days. Ceftriaxone is the antibiotic that is frequently used. Evaluation of the appropriateness of prescriptions based on the Gyssens method yielded a total of 146 antibiotic regimens from 109 patients due to the combination of antibiotic use and the replacement of antibiotic therapy during hospitalization. Appropriate antibiotic prescriptions (58.9%) and inappropriate (41.1%).

The Antioxidant and DPP-4 Inhibitory Potential of n-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Aqueous Fractions From Potential Avicennia marina Fruit

Retno Utomo — 2026-04-02

Avicennia marina is one type of mangrove plant fruit that can be utilized for medical purposes through natural ingredients,one of which is the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Avicennia marina contains secondarynmetabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids that have antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions of Avicennia marina fruit as antioxidants using DPPH method and their antidiabetic activity through the inhibition of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) in vitro. The sample used fruit of avicennia marina, which was extracted using maceration methode with 96% ethanol for 3x24 hours. The obtained extract was fractinationated stepwise using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water as solvents. The test results on the n-hexane fraction showed antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 77.744 µg/mL and a DPP-4 inhibition percentage of 18.07%; the ethyl acetate fraction had an IC₅₀ value of 45.2738 µg/mL and a DPP-4 inhibition of 64.04%; while the water fraction had an IC₅₀ of 95.6466 µg/mL with a DPP-4 inhibition percentage of 43.99%. Based on these results, the ethyl acetate fraction of the api-api fruit shows the highest potential both as an antioxidant and as a DPP-4 enzyme inhibitor.

Identification Of Rhodamine-B And Characteristics Of Bulk Strawberry Jam In Yogyakarta City Market

Nanda Novie Anggraini — 2026-04-02

Food safety is a crucial aspect in ensuring health, especially by ensuring that food products are free from hazardous substances. Rhodamine-b is a hazardous synthetic dye used in non-food industries such as paper, ink, and textiles, but its use in food products is prohibited because it is toxic and potentially triggers health issues. Nevertheless, its use is still often found in food as a red dye, including bulk jams sold without trademarks or BPOM distribution permits. Bulk jam, especially strawberry jam, is often given additional coloring to enhance its visual appeal. Thus, this study aims to detect the presence of Rhodamine-b qualitatively and quantitatively, as well as to determine the characteristics of bulk strawberry jam circulating in the Yogyakarta City Market. The research was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative tests were conducted using a Rhodamine-b test kit, while quantitative tests were performed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Market sample collection was carried out using random sampling techniques at 12 markets. Sample collection was done directly at the designated markets. The research results show that no Rhodamine-b content was found in all samples of bulk strawberry jam in Yogyakarta City, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and this is further supported by color testing which did not show any color indicating the presence of Rhodamine-b. The pH testing results indicated that all samples had an appropriate pH. However, 9 out of 12 samples had an appropriate sugar content. This research is expected to contribute to supporting stricter food safety monitoring and raising consumer awareness of the dangers of illegal synthetic dyes in food products.

Keyword: Jam; Rhodamine-b; test kit; UV-Vis spectrophotometry

Determination Of Dissolution Profile Sprinkle Formulation From Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda Citrifolia L.)

Nurista Dida Ayuningtyas — 2026-04-02

Background: Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) has immunomodulatory properties due to the presence of scopolamine and quercetin compounds. This immunomodulator activity will be utilized in pharmaceutical products formulated into fine granules (sprinkle formulation). Objective: In this study, dissolution testing of the formulation will be conducted using a type 2 (paddle) apparatus and a medium with a pH value of 1.2 and 4.5. Method: The sprinkle formulation was prepared with the following composition: 16.67% extract, 2.70% Povidone, 2.29% SSG, 20% Mannitol, 3% Aspartame, 0.5% Mg.Stearate, and 54.84% Lactose. The formulation was then subjected to physical granule quality testing and dissolution testing. In the dissolution test, the levels of samples taken during the dissolution test were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The results obtained were the dissolution profile of quercetin compounds in the sprinkle formulation of noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifolia L) at minute 60 in a pH 1.2 medium was 57.50% ± 1.33 and in a pH 4.5 medium was 86.24% ± 0.69. Statistical analysis of the total flavonoid content (mgQE/gram) in the extract, sprinkle formulation, and the amount of dissolved drug at minute 60 in pH 1.2 and pH 4.5 medium yielded a p-value < 0.05, indicating a significant difference in total flavonoid content among the samples. Conclusion: Sprinkle formulation of noni fruit extract provides significantly different dissolution profiles at pH 1.2 and pH 4.5.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Of Antidiabetic Medications In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus At Rajawali Citra Hospital

Qarriy Aina Urfiyya — 2026-04-02

Indonesia ranks fourth in the world for the number of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). To manage this growing health concern, it is crucial to implement treatments that include pharmacological therapies, such as antidiabetic. This study aims to identify the most cost-effective type of antidiabetic drug for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, based on the Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio values.

This study was a descriptive observational study that utilized medical records of outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Rajawali Citra Hospital from 2023 to 2025, involving a total of 52 participants who met the criteria. The sampling technique employed was purposive sampling. Data analysis included demographic and clinical characteristics, factors influencing glycemic control, therapy cost components, and cost-effectiveness based on ACER values.

The results indicated that the majority of diabetes patients were over the age of 45 (94.2%), with 67.3% being female. For BPJS patients, the most effective and cost-effective treatment was thiazolidinedione used as monotherapy, while the combination of metformin and acarbose proved to be the most effective. For the non-insured patients with type 2 diabetes, sulfonylurea was the most effective treatment as monotherapy, and the combination of sulfonylurea and acarbose was the most effective for combination therapy.

Effect Of Cetyl Alcohol Variation On Formulation And Stability Of Belimbing Wuluh Leaf Extract (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) Cream

Antonius Budiawan — 2026-04-02

Belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) extract has been shown to have antioxidant activity, which can help prevent skin wrinkles. This extract also has the potential to be formulated into a cream. Cetyl alcohol is a common thickener and emulsifier in a cream formulation. This study investigated the effect of cetyl alcohol concentration variation on physical properties and stability of belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) cream preparation. The extract was formulated into three creams with different cetyl alcohol concentrations: FI (3% cetyl alcohol), FII (4% cetyl alcohol), and FIII (5% cetyl alcohol). The creams were evaluated for their physical characteristics, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, cream type, adhesion, spreadability, pH, and viscosity. Stability was tested using a Freeze and Thaw Cycling Test over six cycles. The results of the physical evaluation showed that all three formulations were good oil-in-water (O/W) creams, with the exception of FIII, which had spreadability below the standard range. The stability test revealed that FI and FII were unstable, as indicated by changes in their adhesion, spreadability, and viscosity. In contrast, FIII demonstrated good stability across all evaluations. In conclusion, the concentration of cetyl alcohol significantly impacted the physical properties and stability of the belimbing wuluh extract cream.

Analysis Of Artificial Sweetener Content Of Sodium Cyclamate In Sugar Syrup Of Dawet Ice Sold At Pps Gresik Regency

Norainny Yunitasari — 2026-04-02

Many food and beverage sellers intentionally add hazardous chemicals to gain profits. For sweetening food or beverages, the chemical sodium cyclamate is sometimes added to reduce sugar consumption. Sodium cyclamate as an artificial sweetener will have a negative impact on health if consumed above the established threshold. One of the side effects of excessive consumption of sodium cyclamate is digestive disorders and kidney damage. This study aims to determine the presence of artificial sweeteners (sodium cyclamate) in the sugar syrup of dawet ice sold at the PPS Gresik Regency. The method used is a qualitative test, namely the precipitation method and the cyclamate test kit. There were three samples of dawet ice sugar syrup tested. The test results showed that the three samples tested did not contain sodium cyclamate. This is because there was no formation of white sediment in both test methods. Thus, the sugar syrup of dawet ice sold at the PPS Gresik Regency is declared safe from the use of sodium cyclamate.

The Effect Of Sls (Sodium Lauryl Sulphate) On The Formulation Of Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia) Essential Oil Hand Soap

Definingsih Yuliastuti — 2026-04-02

Liquid soap is currently the most popular soap product, due to its attractive and practical form. Soap is often enriched with several additives, such as surfactants, to improve its quality. The most common surfactant is SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulphate), as it can reduce skin irritation and has excellent foaming properties. Adding too much SLS can cause irritation and dry skin. Hand soap can be formulated with natural active ingredients, such as lime peel essential oil, which contains antibacterial properties. This study was conducted by creating soap preparations in FI, FII, and FIII. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of varying SLS concentrations on the physical quality of hand soap preparations, including organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, and foam height tests. The results of the study showed that the hand soap was thick, had a distinctive fresh lime odour, and was yellow in colour. The hand soap preparations for each formula were homogeneous. The pH of the three preparations ranged from 6.01 to 6.15. The viscosity of the three preparations ranged from 805 to 846.33 cPs. The foam height of the three formulas ranged from 48 to 55 mm. Data analysis in this study used a one-way ANOVA test. The conclusion of this study is that variations in SLS concentration affect the organoleptic test results, pH, viscosity, and foam height, but do not affect the homogeneity test results.

Determination Of Antioxidant Activity And Spf Value Of Purified And Crude Extracts Of Mango Leaves (Mangifera Indica L.)

Audrie Agustini Widiawati — 2026-04-02

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbedaan aktivitas antioksidan dan Sun Protection Factor (SPF) antara ekstrak kasar dan ekstrak murni daun mangga (Mangifera indica L.), dan untuk mengevaluasi peran pemurnian dalam meningkatkan efektivitasnya. Latar belakang penelitian ini terkait dengan meningkatnya permintaan akan senyawa alami dengan potensi ganda sebagai antioksidan dan pelindung UV, mengingat radikal bebas dan paparan ultraviolet merupakan penyebab utama stres oksidatif dan kerusakan kulit. Proses penelitian meliputi beberapa tahap, yaitu penentuan tanaman, persiapan simplisia, ekstraksi maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%, pemurnian dengan n-heksana, skrining fitokimia, evaluasi kualitas, uji antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH, dan penentuan SPF dengan spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak murni memiliki profil kualitas yang lebih tinggi dengan rendemen 50%, kadar air 5,78% ± 0,29, dan kadar abu 0,22%. Uji fitokimia menunjukkan adanya flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, fenolik, dan saponin, dengan flavonoid yang lebih terkonsentrasi dalam ekstrak murni. Uji antioksidan menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 24,64 ± 0,52 µg/mL untuk ekstrak murni dan 48,28 ± 0,61 µg/mL untuk ekstrak kasar, keduanya tergolong sangat kuat. Hasil SPF menunjukkan nilai 44,89 pada 12.000 ppm untuk ekstrak murni dan 30,23 untuk ekstrak kasar. Analisis ANOVA menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p < 0,05). Temuan ini menyoroti potensi ekstrak daun mangga murni yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan tabir surya herbal.

Comparison of the Antibacterial Activity of Orange Peel Eco-Enzyme against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Elisa Rinihapsari — 2026-04-02

Orange peel contains various bioactive compounds known to possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities, making it a potential raw material for eco-enzyme production. This study aimed to determine the concentration of orange peel eco-enzyme that exhibits the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as well as to compare the antibacterial activity of orange peel eco-enzyme against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Another objective was to evaluate differences in antibacterial activity at different incubation times. This study employed an experimental design, involving antibacterial activity testing of orange peel eco-enzyme using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The independent variable was the concentration of orange peel eco-enzyme at 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. Other independent variables included bacterial species and incubation times of 18 and 24 hours. The overall statistical analysis showed that the eco-enzyme exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with the optimal concentration being 90%. The Mann–Whitney test indicated no significant difference in antibacterial activity between Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (p > 0.05). Comparison between incubation periods of 18 and 24 hours also revealed no significant difference in antibacterial activity (p > 0.05), indicating that the orange peel eco-enzyme has good stability of antibacterial activity against both test bacteria.